在官方公布的寫(xiě)作評(píng)分描述中有一項(xiàng)Coherence and Cohesion 。這一項(xiàng)是涉及要點(diǎn)最多，卻最為廣大教學(xué)工作者和學(xué)生所忽視的一項(xiàng)。該項(xiàng)目涉及三大要點(diǎn)：文章信息點(diǎn)安排(information and ideas organization)、銜接手段(cohesive device)和分段(paragraphing).其中分段在大作文的5分至7分的評(píng)分描述中被重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)。
本文將重點(diǎn)關(guān)注該項(xiàng)目中所提到的Cohesive Device:(銜接手段)。
Coherence and Cohesion 的7分第二條原文：
Uses a range of cohesive devices appropriately although there may be some uner-/over-use
6分第二條原文為：
Uses cohesive devices effectively, but cohesion within and/or between sentences may be faulty or mechanical;
6分第三條提到：
May not always use referencing clearly or appropriately
與之對(duì)應(yīng)的5分第二條為：
Makes inadequate, inaccurate or over-use of cohesive devices
5 分第三條為：
May be repetitive because of lack of referencing and substitution
由以上所涉及到的原文可以看出，referencing(指代關(guān)系)和substitution(替代)都是cohesive device(銜接手段)的表現(xiàn)，而且是確定分值的重要參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
那么這里反復(fù)提到的Cohesive Device(銜接手段)究竟是什么呢?
Cohesive Device:(銜接手段)定義：
能使信息的邏輯關(guān)系更清晰的各種英語(yǔ)字符。
邏輯關(guān)系主要涉及：并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系、讓步或轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系和舉列。
具體來(lái)看，可分成以下三類：
Lexical aspect:(詞匯方面)
Linking word(連詞)：
并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：and; also; too; or; Besides; furthermore; moreover; likewise; meanwhile等
讓步或轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：but; however; whereas; nonetheless; nevertheless; although; though; otherwise; yet; rather; despite; rather等
因果關(guān)系：because; so; since; for; so; thus; therefore; thereby;
舉例：like
Linking phrase(短語(yǔ))：
并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：not only…but also; as well as; either…or; in addition; apart from that; beyond that
讓步或轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系: even though; in spite of; on the other hand; on the contrary; in contrast; instead of， It is true that…;
因果關(guān)系: now that; in that; due to; owing to; as a result (of); in that case
舉例：for example; for instance; in particular; such as; just as
Adverb (副詞)：
并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：additionally; similarly; alternatively;
讓步或轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系: surprisingly; admittedly
因果關(guān)系: consequently; eventually;
舉例：especially;
Reference(代詞)：
They; them; he; him; she; her; it; these; those; this ;that等
(句法)Syntax:
Punctuation (標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào))：
并列或遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：分號(hào)
同位、舉例：冒號(hào);破折號(hào);括號(hào)
Clause (各種從句)：主句的信息為重點(diǎn)信息;從句信息為次要信息
Unnoticeable cohesive device(高級(jí)連接手段)
Rhetorical purpose: (修辭)
排比：并列關(guān)系
Substitution/paraphrasing(同義轉(zhuǎn)換)：用詞性轉(zhuǎn)換、近義詞、下義詞、等有關(guān)聯(lián)的信息來(lái)重復(fù)重點(diǎn)信息。這是獲得7分以上高分的重要標(biāo)志。
很多學(xué)生總是抱怨自己詞匯量小，思路打不開(kāi)。或是背了一大堆的詞匯，真到考試就用不上了�；蚴菍�(xiě)了一堆語(yǔ)言，但中心論點(diǎn)不明確。
其實(shí)，如果一個(gè)段落的每一句話，都能出現(xiàn)要點(diǎn)信息，文章就會(huì)很容易讀懂，并給人渾然一體的感覺(jué)。為了讓讀者更好的理解這一高級(jí)的連接手段，我們來(lái)做一個(gè)小小的練習(xí)。
中心話題為Disaster，要求說(shuō)出的短語(yǔ)，單詞必須要能讓人聯(lián)想到該主題。
我們可以有以下幾種思路：
詞性轉(zhuǎn)換: disastrous; disastrously
近義詞：catastrophe; calamity; suffering; misfortune, misery
下義詞：
disaster→
natural disaster →
flood; tsunami; earthquake→
quake-scattered area→
victims→the injured; the missing; the death toll; the wounded soldiers; the affected; suffering; loss; the trapped; the buried, the homeless→orphan; the old without any family members;
survivor; survival
rescuer; aid; help; rescue; relief operation; relief donation; supplies; relief cash and material; red cross; emergency aid; first aid kit; emergency shelter, food , medical care, emergency response team; evacuate
condolence; mourn
通過(guò)這種思維方式，我們還可以想出很多能體現(xiàn)“災(zāi)難“的語(yǔ)言。尤其是下義詞的有效使用，即可掩蓋詞匯量不大的缺陷，還可以讓文章生動(dòng)，說(shuō)理性強(qiáng)。
官方給出的高分文章也可以體現(xiàn)這一特點(diǎn)。
Children of poor parents are prematurely exposed to the problems of adult life eg. learning to survive on a low family income and sacrificing luxuries for essential items. These children begin to see the ‘realities’ of life in their home or social environment. Their parents own struggles serve as an example to them.(53words)
引自IELTS Scores Explained DVD (www.ielts/general_pages/media_centre/ielts_scores_explained_dvd.aspx)
Cohesive device:
通過(guò)同意轉(zhuǎn)換和代詞的使用，該段每句話主語(yǔ)緊扣題目主題信息：children from poor families,
Children of poor parents;These children;Their parents
句子之間沒(méi)用使用明顯的連詞或連接短語(yǔ)，但通過(guò) problems of adult life; the ‘realities’ of life; parents own struggles’凸顯該段分論點(diǎn)“生活艱難“另外，首句中的‘prematurely’由第二句的 ‘begin to’第三句的 ‘serve an example’對(duì)應(yīng)，使得該段的信息環(huán)環(huán)相扣，讀起來(lái)渾然一體。該段使用最突出的”cohesive device”是信息對(duì)應(yīng)。即用下義詞，反義詞等與主題句的分論點(diǎn)相關(guān)的各種具體形像化和相關(guān)性的詞來(lái)展開(kāi)論證。這是paraphrasing的最高表現(xiàn)。也是確保“cohesion”的最佳方案。
以上是筆者對(duì)“cohesive device(銜接手段)”的一些新的認(rèn)識(shí)，并在課堂教學(xué)中進(jìn)行了初步的嘗試。尤其是同義轉(zhuǎn)換中通過(guò)下義詞來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)文章中心論點(diǎn)的思維方式，讓不少學(xué)生不再畏懼無(wú)話可寫(xiě)的困境。
